The Great Grey Shrike or Northern Grey Shrike ( Lanius excubitor ) is a large songbird species in the shrike family (Laniidae). It breeds generally north of 50° northern latitude in northern Europe and Asia, and in North America (where it known as the Northern Shrike ) north of 55° northern latitude in Canada and Alaska. Most populations migrate south in winter to temperate regions.
Great Grey Shrikes are usually around 24 to 25 cm (9.4 to 9.8 in) long, i.e. about as large as a big thrush. An adult usually weighs around 60 to 70 g (2.1 to 2.5 oz), though some subspecies are noticeably smaller or larger than the average member of this species, and even in the nominate subspecies adult weights between 48 and 81 g (1.7 to 3 oz) are recorded. The wings are around 11.4 cm (4.5 in) and the tail around 10.9 cm (4.3 in) long in the nominate subspecies, its bill measures about 23 mm (0.9 in) from tip to skull, and the tarsometatarsus part of its "legs" (actually feet) is around 27.4 mm (1.08 in) long.
The general colour of the upperparts is pearl grey, tinged brownish towards the east of its Eurasian range. The cheeks and chin as well as a thin and often hard-to-see stripe above the eye are white, and a deep black mask extends from the beak through the eye to the ear coverts; the area immediately above the beak is grey. The scapulars (shoulder feathers) are white, and the wings are black with a white bar made up by the bases of the primary remiges, continuing slightly offset onto the bases of the secondary remiges in some regions. The tail is black, long, and pointed at the tip; the outer rectrices have white outer vanes. The underparts are white, slightly tinged with grey in most subspecies. In particular the breast is usually darker and sometimes browner than the rest of the light underside, and may appear as an indistinct band between the lighter belly and white throat. In the subspecies around the North Pacific in particular and in females elsewhere too, there may be faint brownish bars on the breast. The bill is large and hooked at the tip and coloured nearly black, but pale at the base of the under mandible (though the extent varies seasonally). The legs and feet are blackish.
Males and females are about the same size, and do not differ conspicuously in appearance except by direct comparison. In the female the underparts are greyer and are usually visibly barred greyish-brown, and the white wing and tail markings are characteristically less in extent (though this is rarely clearly visible except in flight). Fledged young birds are heavily tinged greyish-brown all over, with barring on the upperside and indistinct buffy-white markings. The tips of the tertiary remiges and the wing coverts are also buffy, with a black band in the latter. In the North American subspecies borealis , the fledglings are tinged quite brown indeed on upperside and wings, and have sharp and dark underside bars. In Eurasia, fledglings moult into a female-like plumage with the tertiary bars usually remaining in autumn. Across its range, the young acquire the adult plumage in their first spring.
The male's song consists of short pleasant warbling strophes, interspersed with fluid whistles. The individual phrases may go like tu-tu-krr-pree-pree or trr-turit trr-turit... . To announce that it has become aware of someone straying into its territory – be it a female or male of its species or a large mammal – it gives long shrill raspy whistles like trrii(u) or (t')kwiiet . To announce to females, it often mixes these whistles with a strophe of song. A softer whistle goes like trüü(t) . These whistles are also used in duets between mates in winter and neighbors in the breeding season. Various contact calls have been described as chlie(p) , gihrrr , kwä or wuut . These are frequently heard during courtship, interspersed with song phrases as the harsh whistles are in pre-courtship. The song becomes softer and more warbling as the male shows the female around his territory, and at potential nest sites the male gives a lively chatter containing fluting tli-tli , prrr trills and kwiw...püh calls.
When disturbed its alarm note is a harsh jay-like k(w)eee , greee or jaaa , often repeated twice. The more excited the birds become, the higher and faster the calls get, via chek-chek-chek to a rattle trr-trr-trr or an explosive aak-aak-aak . Bird of prey alert is given with a whistle breezeek . Knuk calls are given with adults confronted with a potential threat to their young. To beg for food – young to adults or pairmembers to each other –, rows of waik calls are given. This species sometimes tries to attract small songbirds by mimicking their calls, so it may attempt to catch them for food.
The Southern Grey Shrike ( L. meridionalis ) was formerly included in the Great Grey Shrike as subspecies. It occurs in SW Europe (Iberian Peninsula and France) southwards to Africa around the Sahara, and also in Central Asia. It prefers different habitat – lightly wooded grassland in the Great, more arid shrubland in the Southern Grey Shrike –, and where the species' ranges overlap, they do not hybridize at present (though they may have done so in past millennia).
Elsewhere, the southern parapatric relatives of the L. excubitor are the Chinese Grey Shrike ( L. sphenocerus ) from East Asia and the Loggerhead Shrike ( L. ludovicianus ) from North America. The Northern Grey Shrike is sympatric in winter quarters with each of its three close relatives at the north of their range. Their overall coloration is – apparently plesiomorphically – shared in sub-Saharan Africa by the somewhat more distantly related Grey-backed Fiscal ( L. excubitoroides ) which is found from the Sahel eastwards, and Mackinnon's Fiscal ( L. mackinnoni ) of the Congo Basin region. The Lesser Grey Shrike ( L. minor , Balkans to Central Asia) seems to be quite distinct indeed and is sympatric with the Grey Shrike superspecies between Eastern Europe and Central Asia; it may be more closely related to the small brown shrikes and resemble the bold, aggressive and hard-to-catch grey shrikes because of Batesian mimicry.
The Southern Grey Shrike is clearer and usually darker grey above, and not tinged grey but often decidedly pinkish on the belly and particular breast; the white "eyebrow" extends to over the beak, which has typically a larger pale base. The barring pattern is less developed at all ages, hardly ever present even in females, and slighter in the otherwise very similar fledglings.
East Asian L. excubitor are barely sympatric with the Chinese Grey Shrike. The latter is larger and generally differs from the Northern species as the Southern does, and in addition has much larger white areas in wings and tail.
The Loggerhead Shrike is hard to distinguish, but the proportion of the head to the beak (which seems stubby in L. ludovicianus by comparison and is all-dark) is usually reliable. Indeed, the term "loggerhead" refers to the relatively larger head of the southern species.
The Lesser Grey Shrike is a smaller and comparatively short-tailed bird. It can best recognized by its rather large black area above the bill, almost reaching to the forehead and without a white stripe above it. In flight, the wide instead of pointed black tail end of L. minor is characteristic. The African species are completely allopatric with L. excubitor ; they lack white scapulars (Grey-backed Fiscal) or wingspots (Mackinnon's Fiscal) and differ in some other details, particularly the tail pattern.
The scientific name of the Great Grey Shrike literally means "sentinel butcher": Lanius is the Latin term for a butcher, while excubitor is Latin for a watch-man or sentinel. This refers to the birds' two most conspicuous behaviours – storing food animals by impaling them on thorns, and using exposed tree-tops or poles to watch the surrounding area for possible prey. Use of the former by Conrad Gessner established the quasi-scientific term lanius for the shrikes. Linnaeus chose his specific name because the species "observes approaching hawks and announces of songbirds" as he put it. This habit was also put to use in falconry, as fancifully recorded by William Yarrell later.
The species was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 edition of Systema Naturae under the current scientific name. His description is L cauda cuneiformi lateribus alba, dorso cano, alis nigris macula alba – "a shrike with a wedge-shaped white
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