Concepto De Publica Salud
Concepto De Publica Salud
Ignacio Martín-Baró, S.J. (Valladolid, Castilla y Leon, Spain, November 7, 1942 – San Salvador, El Salvador, November 16, 1989) was a scholar, social psychologist, philosopher and Jesuit priest. Martín-Baró was a close friend and colleague of the scholars Ignacio Ellacuría and Segundo Montes, all of whom were murdered by the Salvadoran Army, along with three other colleagues and two employees.
Academic Career
Martín-Baró entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Orduña, Spain, on September 28, 1959. Shortly after, he was transferred to the novitiate of Villagarcía and then sent to Central America, where he completed his second year in the novitiate of the Society of Jesus.
At the end of September 1961, he began his studies in classical humanities at the Catholic University in Quito. On graduating, he travelled to Bogotá, where he studied philosophy at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, run by the Jesuits. In 1964 he received his bachelor's degree in philosophy and in 1965 his licentiate (licenciatura) in philosophy and literature. In 1966 he returned to El Salvador, where he got a job as a teacher and academic coordinator at the Externado San José. In 1967, he started teaching at the Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" (UCA).
He travelled to Frankfurt in 1967 to study theology. Returning to San Salvador to continue his studies, he obtained his bachelor's degree from Eegenhoven, Belgium in 1970. He then began studying psychology at UCA, where he was also lecturer. In 1975 he completed his licentiate in psychology.
In 1971 and 1972 he taught psychology in the National Nursing Academy in Santa Ana. He was Dean of Students between 1972 and 1975, and a member of the University Board. From 1971 until 1974 he was head of the editorial board of the academic journal Estudios Centroamericanos ( ECA ).
In 1977 he earned a master's degree in social sciences from the University of Chicago and two years later, in 1979, a Ph.D. in social and organisational psychology from the same institution. In his master's thesis, he discussed social attitudes and group conflict in El Salvador: a theme which he continued in his doctoral dissertation which focussed on population density of the lowest social classes in El Salvador.
On completing his studies he returned to San Salvador, where he lectured in psychology at UCA. By 1981 he was Academic Vice-Rector and member of the Board of Directors. In 1982 he became head of the psychology department. In 1986 he founded and directed the University Institute of Public Opinion, IUDOP. In 1989, the academic vice-rector's office was split in two and Martín-Baró became director of post-graduate studies and research.
He was on the Editorial Board of UCA Editores and Estudios Centroamericanos ( ECA ), the Journal of Salvadoran Psychology and the Costa Rican magazine Polémica . He was a visiting professor at the Central University of Venezuela, the Universidad del Zulia in Maracaibo, the University of Puerto Rico, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Universidad Complutense in Madrid and Universidad de Costa Rica in San José. He was a member of the American Psychological Association as well as the Salvadoran Psychological Association. He was the vice-president of the Mesoamerican division of the Interamerican Psychological Society.
Martín-Baró published eleven books and a long list of cultural and scientific articles, in various Latin American and North American academic journals and magazines.
Ignacio Martín-Baró's Social Psychology
Martín Baró argued that psychology should be developed to address the historical context, the social conditions and aspirations of the people. He believed that students of psychology should learn to analyse human behaviour in the location of their practice, bearing in mind the criteria outlined for that location.
In his writings and lectures he rejected the idea of universal, impartial psychology, and developed a psychology that was critically committed with the projects for alternative societies that existed in Latin America. For him, the psychical situation of individuals could either be an abnormal reaction to normal circumstances, or a normal reaction to abnormal conditions.
For Martín-Baró, the solution to mental health problems in societies characterised by oppression, where "normal abnormality" prevails, is the transformation of society to transcend the historical reality of oppression. Psychologists cannot ignore the influence that difficult contexts have on mental health. Furthermore, if they do, then they become accomplices to the social injustices (or abnormalities) that may have caused these mental health problems.
He integrated diverse theories, and was convinced of the benefits to be gained by the "de-ideologising" potential of social psychology, that he openly questioned the theoretical models of mainstream psychology. He considered these models inadequate to address the effects of the structural violence that prevailed in El Salvador.
His work inspired the development of liberation psychology in Latin America and community psychology throughout the world.
Quotes on Martín-Baró
"...a mind that was probing and humane, wide-ranging in interests and passionate in concerns, and dedicated with a rare combination of intelligence and heroism to the challenge his work sets forth to construct a new person in a new society". Noam Chomsky, MIT
"...the major dimensions along which Martín-Baró's work developed: political psychology, war and trauma, and "de-ideologizing" reality... his contributions to social psychology as well as his intense involvement in the social reality of his adoptive country, El Salvador... is required reading for psychologists seeking a more critical psychology—one that takes responsibility for its social position and privilege, and challenges the status quo. It is an equally important resource for those who seek ideas and examples for developing "indigenous psychology" from the base of marginalized people's lives, in coalition with them". M. Brinton Lykes, World Psychology
Complete Bibliography (Mostly in Spanish)
1966 - La muerte como problema filosófico (a). ECA 21, 212, 7-12.
- Miguel A. Sholojov, Premio Nobel de Literatura (b). ECA 21, 212, 15-16.
- Un extraño remedio para la homosexualidad: su legalización (c). ECA 21, 213, 54.
- Pablo Antonio Cuadra, tierra y luz nicaragüense (d). ECA 21, 215, 93-95.
- La forja de rebeldes (e). ECA 21, 221, 287-88.
1967 - La figura del año (a). ECA 22,224, 369-70.
- Rubén Darío, entrevisto (b). ECA 22, 226, 444-45.
- ¿Quién le teme a James Bond? (c). ECA 22, 227, 511-12.
1968 - El pulso del tiempo; guerrilleros y hippies, blow up (a). ECA 23, 234. 25-26.
- El complejo de macho o el "machismo" (b). ECA 23, 235, 38-42. Rpt. 1970, ECA 25, 267, 677-683.
- Propaganda: deseducación social (c). ECA 23, 243, 367-373.
1970 - Psicología de la caricia. ECA, 25, 264, 496-498.
1971 - Problemas actuales en psicopedagogía escolar. ECA 26, 273, 401-413.
1972 - Una nueva pedagogía para una universidad nueva (a). ECA 27, 281-282, 129-145.
- Del alcohol a la marihuana (b). ECA 27, 283, 225-242.
- Peluqueros institucionales (c). ECA 27, 283, 297-301.
- Munich 72: el ocaso de una mitología (d). ECA 27, 288-289, 697-701.
- Presupuestos psicosociales de una caracteriología para nuestros países (e). ECA 27, 290, 763-786. En A. Blanco (Ed.), Psicología de la Liberación. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Presupuestos psico-sociales del carácter", Capítulo I, pp. 39–71.
- Del futuro, la técnica y el planeta de los simios (f). ECA 27, 290, 795-799.
- Hacia una docencia liberadora (g). Universidades (México), 50, 9-26.
- Psicodiagnóstico de América Latina (h). San Salvador: UCA editores.
- La desatención social del poder opresor (i). En 1972 (h) pp. 121–140. Rpt. 1976, pp. 98–109.
1973 - Algunas repercusiones psico-sociales de la densidad demográfica en El Salvador (a). ECA 28, 293-294, 123-132. Rpt. 1977(a), pp. 429–442.
- Antipsiquiatría y psicoanálisis (b). ECA 28, 293-94, 203-206.
- Cartas al presidente: reflexiones psicosociales sobre un caso del personalismo político en El Salvador (c). ECA, 28, 296, 345-57.
- Psicología del campesino salvadoreño (c). ECA 28, 297-298, 476-495.
1974 - ¿Quién es pueblo?: reflexiones para una definición del concepto de pueblo (a). ECA 29, 303-4, 11-20. Traducción al inglés en A. Aron y S. Corne (Eds.), Writings for a Liberation Psychology. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 10, pp. 173–185.
- Elementos de conscientización socio-política en los curricula de las universidades (c). ECA 29, 313-314, 765-783. EN A. Blanco (Ed.), Psicología de la Liberación. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Concientización y currículos universitarios", Capítulo II, pp. 131–159. Traducción al inglés en J. Hasset y H. Lacey (Eds.), Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 138–140.
- De la evasión a la invasión (b). ABRA (El Salvador), 0, 19-24.
1975 - Culpabilidad religiosa en un ba
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